Costa and McCrae

There are two related, but conceptually distinct five-factor models, although many psychologists refer to the two interchangeably. Costa and McCrae's "OCEAN model" is based on factor analyses of questionnaires. It is hierarchical, in that the five factors are derived from factor analyses of lower-order facets. Goldberg's "Big Five," by contrast, are based primarily on factor analyses of adjectives and are not hierarchical, but circular.


Extraversion/ Surgency

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Intellect/ Openness

Costa and McCrae

ExtraversionAgreeablenessConscientiousnessNeuroticism (r)Openness

Adler

Superiority StrivingSocial InterestSuperiority Striving

Bakan

AgencyCommunionAgency

Bales

Dominant IniativeSocial-Emotional OrientationTask Orientation

Bartholomew

Model of Other (Avoidance) (r) Model of Self (Anxiety) (r)

Block

Low Ego Control High Ego ControlEgo Resiliency

Buss and Plomin

Activity ImpulsivityEmotionality (r)

Cattell

Exvia (vs. Invia)Pathemia (vs. Cortertia)Superego StrengthAdjustment vs. AnxietyIndependence vs. Subduedness

Comrey

Extraversion and ActivityFemininityOrderliness and Social ConformityEmotional StabilityRebelliousness

Digman

BetaAlphaBeta

Erikson

Basic Trust

Eysenck

ExtraversionPsychoticism (r)Neuroticism (r)

Fiske

Confident Self-ExpressionSocial AdaptabilityConformityEmotional ControlInquiring Intellect

Freud

Psychosexual Development

Goldberg

SurgencyAgreeablenessConscientiousnessEmotional StabilityIntellect

Gough

ExtraversionConsensualityControl Flexibility

Guilford

Social ActivityParanoid Disposition (r)Thinking IntroversionEmotional Stability

Hogan

Ambition and SociabilityLikeabilityPrudenceAdjustmentIntellectance

Horney

Moving Toward

Jackson

Outgoing, Social LeadershipSelf-Protective Orientation (r)Work OrientationDependence (r)Aesthetic / Intellectual

Leary

Control / DominanceAffiliation / Love

Maslow

Self-Actualization Self-Actualization

McAdams

Power MotivationIntimacy MotivationPower Motivation

Myers- Briggs

Extraversion vs. IntroversionFeeling vs. ThinkingJudging vs. Perception Intuition vs. Sensing

Peabody

PowerLoveWorkAffectIntellect

Rank

IndividuationUnionIndividuation

Rogers

Personal Growth Personal Growth

Skinner

Socialization

Tellegen

Positive EmotionalityConstraintNegative EmotionalityAbsorption

Watson

Socialization

Wiggins

AgencyCommunionAgency

Zuckerman

Extraversion Psychoticism, Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking (r)Neuroticism (r)Psychoticism, Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking

Extraversion/ Surgency

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Intellect/ Openness

Note: (r) means "reversed scored." (This table is adapted from Digman [1997], Griffin & Bartholomew [1994], John [1990], and McCrae & Costa [1996].)


References

Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246-1256.

Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 5, pp. 17-52). London: Jessica Kingsley.

John, O. P. (1990). The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York: Guilford.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 51-87). New York: Guilford.


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